The Moderna vaccine, mRNA-1273, uses mRNA to create the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stabilized in its prefusion conformation ( Jackson, 2020 ).The spike protein is what SARS-CoV-2 uses to attach to host cells and enter them. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, BNT162b2, uses mRNA to create the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 ( Walsh, 2020 ).Soon after the COVID-19 pandemic emerged, Pfizer and BioNTech began to develop an mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, as did Moderna - the latter in partnership with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA vaccines targeting infectious diseases including HIV-1, rabies, Zika and influenza were already in clinical trials, as were mRNA vaccines targeting multiple hematologic and solid organ malignancies ( Pardi, 2018 ). However, due to difficulty with the inherent instability of mRNA, as well as delivery challenges and other factors, the field did not make significant strides until the past decade, when technological advances and investment led to significant development. The concept of mRNA vaccines was first developed in the early 1990s ( Schlake, 2012 ). Unlike conventional vaccines, which can take months to produce, mRNA vaccines can be created quickly and are more easily scaled because they are based on an organism’s genetic code. Its presence in the cell is transient, and it is quickly metabolized and eliminated via cellular processing mechanisms ( Pardi, 2018 ). The mRNA does not enter the nucleus and therefore cannot be incorporated into the genome. mRNA vaccines deliver mRNA directly to the cytoplasm, where it is translated by ribosomes. Translation of the mRNA results in the development of a protein antigen that triggers an immune response ( Schlake, 2012 ).
MRNA vaccines use lab-created mRNA encapsulated within nanoparticles. Pre-mRNA is then spliced into mRNA, which is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and “read” by ribosomes (the translation machinery of cells). It is created in the nucleus, when DNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase to create pre-mRNA ( Zipursky, 2000 ). MRNA vaccines contain messenger RNA (mRNA), a single-stranded RNA molecule that complements DNA. It is not comprehensive of all data related to this subject. The following is a curated review of key information and literature about this topic.
0 kommentar(er)
